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2021, №1

сс. 3-16

Articles

Key words: nanocomposite, single-walled carbon nanotubes, suspensions, supercritical impregnation, polymethylmethacrylate, supercritical carbon dioxide, Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, differential scanning calorimetry

A technique is described for dispersing single-walled carbon nanotubes to obtain stable
suspensions with a high concentration of individual nanotubes in 2-pyrrolidone. The
resulting suspensions were investigated using Raman spectroscopy and were used to
modify poly(methylmethacrylate) samples with average molecular weights 15000 and
996000 g/mol by impregnation in supercritical carbon dioxide. The thermal properties of
the obtained composite materials are studied. It is shown that the glass transition
temperatures of the samples are increased with comparison with the initial polymers.
Glass transition temperatures of composites increased by 26°С and 32°С for PMMA
with an average molecular weight of 15000 and 996000 g/mol accordingly.

doi:10.34984/SCFTP.2021.16.1.001

2021, №1

сс. 17-51

Articles

Effect of Mechanical Pressure on Zinc Oxide Recrystallization in Aqueous Medium during Cold Sintering

Yu.D. Ivakin, A.V. Smirnov, M.N. Kormilitsin, A.A. Kholodkova, A.A. Vasin, M.V. Kornyushin, V.P. Tarasovskii, V.V. Rybalchenko.

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Key words: zinc oxide, cold sintering, recrystallization, solid-phase mobility in an aqueous medium, crystal size distribution, coalescence, surface spreading

An effect of mechanical pressure on the crystal size distribution during the treatment of
zinc oxide in an aqueous medium in the presence of zinc acetate or ammonium chloride as
activating additives was studied by analyzing scanning electron microscopy images. The
results of ZnO cold sintering at 220—296 °C and its thermovaporous treatment (TVT)
without applying mechanical pressure in an autoclave under similar conditions were
compared. It was concluded that due to the presence of the additives in an aqueous
medium, the hydration of the structure increased and the solid-phase mobility was activated,
leading to the redistribution of the mass of crystals. Mechanical pressure during the cold
sintering enhanced the effect of solid-phase mobility activation and led to the predominance
of crystal coalescence in mass transfer. During the TVT with no mechanical pressure
applied, surface spreading as the mass transfer mechanism prevailed. A scheme illustrating
the effect of the aqueous medium on the mass transfer during the recrystallization of
ZnO was proposed.

doi:10.34984/SCFTP.2021.16.1.002

2021, №1

сс. 52-59

Articles

Key words: supercritical carbon dioxide, electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, optical spectroscopy, PDLLA, spin probe 2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-4-phenyl-3-imidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide

The optical spectroscopy and EPR spectroscopy methods were used together for the first
time to quantitatively describe the release of a nitroxyl probe from poly-D,L-lactide (PDLLA)
films into a phosphate buffer solution. The bifunctional probe 2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-4-phenyl-
3-imidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (IMNO) contains a paramagnetic nitroxyl fragment and has
a high extinction coefficient in the UV spectrum. Polymer films were obtained from porous
matrices based on PDLLA, formed and doped with IMNO in a supercritical CO2 environment.
It has been established that the combined use of spectrophotometry and EPR spectroscopy
is promising for obtaining more detailed information on the processes of the release of
probes from PDLLA films, the duration of which does not exceed three weeks.

doi:10.34984/SCFTP.2021.16.1.003

2021, №1

сс. 60-66

Articles

Extraction of Organic Substances with Supercritical CO2 from Liquid Phases Based on Water-Soluble Polymers

V.O. Solov’ev, M.O. Kostenko, I. V. Zinov’eva, Y.A. Zakhodyaeva, A.A. Voshkin.

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Key words: water-soluble polymers, supercritical carbon dioxide, extraction, recovery, benzoic acid, caffeine, thiophene

This work presents the experimental study results of the benzoic acid, caffeine, and thiophene
recovery from polymer phases by supercritical fluid extraction. The extraction efficiency
dependences of the studied compounds on the conditions of fluid existence — temperature, and
pressure were obtained. It has been shown that benzoic acid, caffeine, and thiophene are extracted
in one step into supercritical CO2 with the extraction degree of 43, 48.5, and 84 % respectively.

doi:10.34984/SCFTP.2021.16.1.004

2021, №1

сс. 67-76

Articles

Key words: biomass, agricultural waste, supercritical conditions, ideal mixing reactor, ecology, energy

The efficiency of processing organic liquid and solid wastes of the agro-industrial complex
in supercritical conditions is shown. The conversion is at least 99,7 %. The dependence of
the volume of a continuous reactor on the content of organic substances has been
established. High rates of oxidation of waste in supercritical conditions make it possible
to reduce the volume of the reactor (up to 100—140 l) with a capacity of up to 100 kg
of waste per hour. The heat density of the reactor can reach 730 kW/m3.

doi:10.34984/SCFTP.2021.16.1.005

2021, №1

сс. 77-89

Articles

Key words: statistical physics, critical phenomena, Rayleigh light scattering

For the first time, the temperature dependence of the density variance and the correlation
length of critical density fluctuations is determined from the experimental data on small-angle
light scattering by critical CO2. It is found that at critical density of CO2 in the temperature
range 10-8 Tc < |T - Tc| < 10-4 Tc (where Tc is the critical temperature) the correlation
length of density fluctuations decreases by 20 % as the critical point is approached. The
value of density variance shows no power-law-type divergence: it remains practically constant
in the temperature ranges T > Tc and T < Tc, but undergoes a 25 % stepwise change when
passing through the critical point, likely due to the peculiarities of the experiment setting up.

doi:10.34984/SCFTP.2021.16.1.006

2021, №2

сс. 4-10

Information

2021, №2

сс. 11-23

Articles

Key words: sub — and supercritical fluid extraction, ethanol, tinder mushroom, Fomes fomentarius, polyphenols, antiradical activity

The process of sub- and supercritical fluid extraction with ethanol of the fruiting body
biomass of the tinder fungus F. fomentarius was studied. The evaluation of the extraction
conditions (temperature, pressure and duration) for the yield of the solid extract, phenolic
compounds and steroids was carried out. It was found that sub- and supercritical extraction
was more efficient in comparison with traditional methods of biologically active substances
isolation (maceration and percolation). The yield of the solid extract reaches 43 wt.%.
The content of phenolic compounds in the extract was up to 50 wt. %. It was shown that
the extracts have high antiradical activity (up to 350 μmol trolox-equiv/g). The positive
correlation between the antiradical activity of the extracts and the content of phenolic
compounds in them was established.

doi:10.34984/SCFTP.2021.16.2.002

2021, №2

сс. 24-32

Articles

Key words: levofloxacin, solubility, supercritical carbon dioxide, supercritical trifluoromethane

The solubility of levofloxacin (LFC) in supercritical carbon dioxide and trifluoromethane
was measured in the pressure range 10—30 MPa at temperatures of 323 K and 373 K.
Solubility was determined by changing the weight of the LFC powder held in the
supercritical fluid (SC) at given temperature and pressure. The obtained solubility value
of LFC in SC-trifluoromethane reaches a value (8.3 ± 0.3) · 10-5
mole fractions at 30 MPa and 373 K.
Solubility of LFC in SC-trifluoromethane at a pressure of 30 MPa and a
temperature of 323 K ((55.7 ± 0.3) · 10-6 mole fractions), almost by an order of magnitude
exceeds the solubility in SC carbon dioxide ((5.9 ± 0.3) · 10-6 under the same conditions.
The obtained results are the basis for further development and optimization of processes
of supercritical fluid micronization of LFC and other antibiotics of fluoroquinolone
group without partici pation of liquid co-solvent.

doi:10.34984/SCFTP.2021.16.2.003

2021, №2

сс. 33-43

Articles

Key words: subcritical water, extraction, olive leaves (Olea europaea L.), polyphenols, anti-acetylcholinesterase activity, Ellman’s method, Alzheimer’s disease

The content of secondary plant metabolites (the sum of polyphenolic compounds and
flavonoids) obtained by subcritical water (SubCW) and traditional extraction by wateralcoholic
mixture from olive (Olea europaea) leaves was studied, and their
acetylcholinesterase (anti-AChE) activity was determined and characterized by the IC50
value — the concentration of olive leaf extracts, which leads to 50 % inhibition of the
activity of the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme. It was shown that the content of
polyphenolic compounds and anti-AChE activity of extracts depend on the used
extraction method. The SubCW extract obtained at 220 °C contains the maximum
amount of polyphenolic compounds and demonstrates the highest anti-AChE activity
(IC50 = 0.4 mg/ml). The least active in relation to the inhibition of the AChE enzyme
was found to be the extract obtained by traditional aqueous-alcoholic extraction
(IC50 = 3.6 mg/ml). The results obtained show the promise of using subcritical water
to obtain extracts with a high content of polyphenols for the development of
pharmaceutical products and food additives for the prevention and treatment of various
neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, from the waste of olive oil
production (olive leaves).

doi:10.34984/SCFTP.2021.16.2.004

2021, №2

сс. 44-50

Articles

Agglomeration of Coniferyl Alcohol Molecules in Aqueous Solutions under Normal and Supercritical Conditions

T.V. Bogdan, V.E. Petrenko, E.G. Odintsova, M.L. Antipova, K.V. Bogdan, V.I. Bogdan.

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Key words: coniferyl alcohol, aqueous solutions, normal and supercritical conditions, molecular dynamics modeling, agglomeration

The method of classical molecular dynamics was used to model the structure of aqueous
solutions of coniferyl alcohol (CA) in the NVT-ensemble at a solute concentration of
2 wt. %, at densities corresponding to normal (T = 298 K, P = 0.1 MPa) and supercritical
(T = 673 K, P = 23 MPa) conditions of the solvent. It was found that under normal
conditions in the system under consideration, all CA molecules are united into one
agglomerate. Under supercritical conditions, single CA molecules predominate in the
structure of an aqueous-organic solution.

doi:10.34984/SCFTP.2021.16.2.005

2021, №2

сс. 51-56

Articles

Oil Wellhead Cleaning from Asphalt-Resin-Paraffin Deposits Using SC Propane/Butane Mixture

V.F. Khairutdinov, I.Z. Salikhov, F.M. Gumerov, L.Yu. Yarullin, M.I. Farakhov.

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Key words: asphalt-resin-paraffin deposits, oil wells, extraction, propane, butane, phase equilibrium, supercritical fluid

The results of an experimental study of the characteristics of phase equilibria for the
systems «hexadecane — propane/butane» and «sulfur — propane/butane» are presented.
The data on the kinetics of extraction of hydrocarbons from asphalt-resin-paraffin
deposits are presented. It has been established that it is preferable to use the SCFextraction
process (as opposed to the liquid one) in relation to the process of cleaning
the wellhead of oil wells from asphalt-resin-paraffin deposits.

doi:10.34984/SCFTP.2021.16.2.006

2021, №2

сс. 57-62

Articles

Self-Condensation of Acetone on Strontium Stannate under Suprcritical Conditions

G.A. Veshchitsky, A.V. Smirnov, N.V. Mashchenko, A.E. Koklin, V.I. Bogdan.

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Key words: acetone, aldol condensation, strontium stannate, SrSnO3, supercritical conditions

Aldol condensation of acetone on strontium stannate isstudied at a temperature of 250—
400 °C and a pressure of 2.5 and 12.5 MPa. The main reaction products are mesityl oxide
and isophorone. It is shown that the SrSnO3 catalyst is stable under supercritical conditions
and its productivity with respect to mesityl oxide isomers at 350 °C and 12.5 MPa equals
9 g · h-1· gcat-1,
which is higher than in the gas phase.

doi:10.34984/SCFTP.2021.16.2.007

2021, №2

сс. 63-72

Articles

Determination of Spatial Structure and Preferred Conformations of Lidocaine in SC-CO2 by 2D NOESY

K.V. Belov, A.A. Dyshin, M.G. Kiselev, M.A. Krestyaninov, V.V. Sobornova, I.A. Khodov.

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Key words: high-pressure NMR, lidocaine, 2D NOESY, small molecules, DFT, spatial structure

The main goal of our research was to obtain information on the spatial structure of
lidocaine in SC-CO2. The preferred conformations of this compound in SC-CO2 (at
70 °C, 20.0 MPa) were determined by two dimensional technique nuclear Overhauser
effect spectroscopy (2D NOESY) and quantum chemistry calculation (DFT). This data
can be used to calculation of parameters of state for micronization processing by RESS.

doi:10.34984/SCFTP.2021.16.2.008

2021, №2

сс. 73-79

Articles

Mixing of Thermodynamically Incompatible High Density Polyethylene and Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer Rubber During the Dispersion by the SEDS Method

I.Sh. Khabriev, V.F. Khairutdinov, F.M. Gumerov, R.M. Khuzakhanov, R.M. Garipov, L.Yu. Sabirova, I.M. Abdulagatov.

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Key words: supercritical CO2, phase equilibrium, solubility, SEDS dispersion, crystallization

The paper presents the results of joint dispersion of a mixture of low-pressure polyethylene
(HDPE) and synthetic ethylene-propylene ternary rubber (EPDM) in the pressure range of
8.0—25 MPa at temperatures of 313 and 333 K using the SEDS method (Solution Enhanced
Dispersion by Supercritical Fluids). The influence of thermodynamic parameters on the morphology
of the obtained particles is established. Thermogravimetric studies and comparative analysis
of polymers obtained by mixing in a melt and using the SEDS method were carried out.

doi:10.34984/SCFTP.2021.16.2.009

2021, №2

сс. 80-91

Articles

Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Dispersion via Rapid Expansion of Supercritical Suspensions

A.M. Vorobei, Ya.I. Zuev, A.A. Dyshin, O.O. Parenago, M.G. Kiselev.

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Key words: rapid expansion of supercritical suspensions, carbon nanotubes, dispersion

The influence of temperature, pressure, dispersion medium, type of single-walled carbon
nanotubes (CNTs) on the degree of CNTs deagglomeration after rapid expansion of
supercritical suspensions (RESS) treatment was studied. It is shown by Raman
spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy that the highest degree of dispersion in
the RESS process is provided by the use of nitrogen.

doi:10.34984/SCFTP.2021.16.2.010

2021, №2

сс. 92-98

Articles

Key words: supercritical fluid extraction, shrinking core model, polydisperse packed bed, Bayesian approach, Monte Carlo-method

The apparent process parameters (diffusion coefficient, saturation concentration of oil in
the solvent, initial oil content in the raw material) were inferred using the Bayesian
approach and the Monte-Carlo method for Markov chains for the process of supercritical
fluid extraction (SFE) of oil from ground plant material with high initial oil content.
The shrinking core approach was used for data interpretation. The accuracy of parameter
inference is substantially increased when at least two experiments corresponding to fine
and coarse grinding are included in the design of experiment

doi:10.34984/SCFTP.2021.16.2.011

2021, №2

сс. 99-109

Articles

Key words: amorphous polylactide, carbon dioxide, foaming, nucleation

The features of the formation, development and stabilization of the structure of foamed
amorphous D,L-polylactide during slow (quasi-isothermal) and fast (quasi-adiabatic)
pressure relief of supercritical carbon dioxide used as a plasticizing/foaming agent have
been investigated. The following regularities have been established: 1) the values of the
foam expansion factor during quasi-adiabatic depressurization are significantly lower
than in the quasi-isothermal regime due to significant dissi pation of the internal energy
of the «polymer—foaming agent» system due to internal friction in the system; 2) an
expansion-collapse effect is observed with quasi-isothermal foaming; 3) at an intermediate
stage between nucleation and intensive development of foam, the growth of pore nuclei
in the plasticized polymer has a self-similar character. The results obtained are significant
for the selection of foaming modes that provide the required structural characteristics of
the synthesized highly porous matrices intended for use in regenerative medicine and
tissue engineering.

doi:10.34984/SCFTP.2021.16.2.012

2021, №2

сс. 110-130

Articles

Effect of Drying Method on Structural and Surface Properties of Brown Algae Cellulose

K.G. Bogolitsyn, A.E. Parshina, N.V. Shkaeva, L.A. Aleshina, A.I. Prusskii, O.V. Sidorova, N.I. Bogdanovich, M.A. Arkhilin.

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Key words: Arctic brown algae, cellulose, supercritical drying, freeze drying, structure, porosity

The article presents a study of the influence of three methods of drying cellulose of
Arctic brown algae (vacuum drying, freeze drying and supercritical drying) on the
physicochemical properties of the target product. Freeze-died and supercritically dried
algal celluloses have lower thermal stability due predominance of the metastable Iб
phase, degree of crystallinity of 48—69% and fibrillar surface. Freeze-dried celluloses,
and especially supercritically dried, have a larger specific surface area (up to 186 m2/g), a
developed mesoporous structure with an average pore diameter of 13,81—14,81 nm.

doi:10.34984/SCFTP.2021.16.2.013

2021, №3

сс. 4-18

Articles

Conformational Analysis of Mefenamic Acid in SC-CO2–DMSO 2D NOESY Method

K.V. Belov, L.A.E. Batista De Carvalho, A.A. Dyshin, M.G. Kiselev, V.V. Sobornova, I.A. Khodov.

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Key words: high-pressure NMR, SC-CO2, mefenamic acid, 2D NOESY, small molecules, spatial structure

The spatial structure of mefenamic acid molecule was investigated by the 2D NOESY in
SC-CO2 with DMSO (25% and 10 %). The results will be used to determine the optimal
parameters of state for the micronization processing by GAS technique.