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2010, №1

сс. 4-4

Editorial note

2010, №1

сс. 5-11

Articles

Production of new haemostatic materials by deposition of dispersed proteins onto porous matrixes using supercritical carbon dioxide

D.Yu. Zalepugin, N.A. Tilkunova, E.V. Fronchek, M.O. Gallyamov, I.V. Chernyshova, V.S. Mishin, Yu.S. Yashin, T.E. Grigoryev, A.I. Gamzazade, A.R. Khokhlov.

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Key words: micronization, proteins, lysozyme, trypsin, supercritical fluids, carbon dioxide

The main features of microparticle formation from  protein substances (trypsin, lysozyme) using supercritical fluids (SAA  technique) are studied. Optical and scanning electron microscopies are applied  to study the morphology of the particles. The size distribution of the  particles is studied using a cascade restrictor. The method of deposition of  the obtained particles onto haemostatic material «Collachit-G» is developed.

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2010, №1

сс. 12-25

Articles

Key words: sub- and supercritical water, aluminum, oxidation, nanoparticles

Oxidation of bulk aluminum samples by sub- and  supercritical water leads to the formation of (AlOOH)n and (Al2O3)n  nanoparticles. At uniform heating of reactants to 700 K, H2  evolution starts at 523 K. If supercritical water (665 K, 23.1 MPa) is injected  into reactor containing aluminum sample, the time delay of oxidation is 140 s.  The transmission electron microscopy study of oxidized aluminum samples shows  that oxidation by supercritical water leads to the preferential formation of  large (300÷400 nm) particles of α-Al2O3. Small (20÷50 nm) particles of γ-Al2O3 with insignificant contents of AlOOH  together with large particles of α-Al2O3 are found when  in aluminum is oxidized by water vapor in a programmed heating regime. The  kinetic equations describing the rate of H2 production during the  reaction of water with aluminum are derived and mechanisms of nanostructuring  are discussed.

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2010, №1

сс. 26-39

Articles

Key words: thermodynamics, equilibrium fluctuations, kinetic theory of gases, chemical kinetics, rate of reaction, rate constant

The contribution of local fluctuations to the rates of  thermal chemical reactions is evaluated for the first time. In the framework of  the «ideal gas» model the fluctuation supplement to the rate constant is  proportional to the specific volume of the particles and can reach 1—10 % at  densities not exceeding a 20-fold normal atmosphere density. This is the reason  why the accounting of local fluctuations in chemical kinetics should be made  before the accounting of specific volumes in the equation of state.

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2010, №1

сс. 40-51

Articles

Key words: supported «nickel on kieselguhr» catalyst, regeneration, supercritical carbon dioxide

The nature of deactivating deposits forming on the  supported «nickel on kiеselguhr» catalyst in the course of  hydration of unsaturated compounds is analyzed. The possibility of regeneration  of the catalyst using pure and polar additive (3 wt. % methanol) modified  supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) is investigated at 70 and 150 °C  in the pressure range 10÷30 MPa. The kinetic features of the catalyst  regeneration with SC-CO2 is studied.

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2010, №1

сс. 52-62

Articles

Key words: delignification, supercritical fluids, lignin, hydrogen peroxide, oxidation

Transformation of functional groups of lignin in the  course of low-temperature delignification by hydrogen peroxide in the medium of  supercritical (SC) CO2 during the preparation of pulp fiber  semi-product was studied. Molecular-mass characteristics of lignins are  affected by the oxidation. The analyses of functional groups demonstrate that  both oxidation and substitution processes are taking place. Oxidation in SC-CO2 leads to the formation of water- and alkali-soluble  lignin species, while the degree of oxidation of the latter is mild or low due  to a relatively low oxidant consumption.

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2010, №1

сс. 63-72

Articles

Key words: isomerization, n-alkanes, zeolite catalysts

The skeletal isomerization of n-butane, n-hexane and n-heptane in the supercritical (SC)  conditions is studied over H-forms of zeolites (mordenite, beta, ZSM-5) at 260÷450  °C and 80÷130 bars. The isomerization of n-hexane  and n-heptane is accompanied by such  side processes as oligomerization and cracking. Selectivity with respect to the  formation of branched isomers of these hydrocarbons does not exceed 70 and 30  %, respectively. ZSM-5 is shown to be the most durable catalyst, however  selectivity towards the formation of branched isomers does not exceed 30 % even  at 260—280 °C; it decreases down to 3 % at 400—450 °C. The fraction of  aromatization products in these conditions does not exceed 15 %. The effect of  the addition of C6—C7 n-alkanes onto the  isomerization of n-pentane over H-mordenite in SC conditions (260 °C, 120  bars) is studied. It is demonstrated that the gradual decrease of activity is  due to the formation of higher hydrocarbons.

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2010, №1

сс. 73-78

Articles

Long-living exited state of spiroanthrooxazine formed after its matrix isolation into halogen-containing polyolefines using supercritical fluid impregnation

N.N. Glagolev, A.B. Solovieva, A.V. Cherkasova, V.P. Mel'nikov, A.Ya. Lyapunov, P.S. Timashev, A.V. Kotova, B.I. Zapadinskii, V.N. Bagratashvili.

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Key words: supercritical fluid impregnation, halogen-containing polymers, spiroanthrooxazine

Matrix isolation of photochromic spiroanthrooxazine  (SAO) molecules in the films of halogen-containing polymers (polyvinylchloride  (PVC) and tetrafluoroethylene-vinylidene-difluoride (TVD copolymer)) performed  using a supercritical fluid impregnation leads to the stabilization of an  excited (colored) B-state of SAO, which does not relax into the colorless  ground A-state. Such a long-living excited state can exist in the isomeric form  that is characterized by the absorption band at Xmax = 535 nm ( В535, in the TVD matrix), as well as in the «normal»  B-state (Xmax > 610 nm) with a minor contribution of  В535-form (in PVC).

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2010, №1

сс. 79-87

Articles

Key words: pine sprouts, supercritical fluid extraction, radioprotective properties, antiatherogenic and antioxidant activity

Radioprotective properties of preparation obtained  from pine sprouts by supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2)  extraction are studied using the experimental red marrow form of radiation  disease as a model. Experiments are carried out with non-linear white mice. The  SC-CO2 extract of pine sprouts is shown to display radioprotective  activity. The preclinical trial of antiatherogenic and antioxidant activity of  this extract are executed on male rates (Wistar line) in the conditions of  experimental hyperlipidemia.

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2010, №1

сс. 88-100

Articles

Key words: supercritical extraction, carbon dioxide, garlic, extract, disulfides, biocides

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) extracts were  obtained using CO2-supercritical extraction. The extracts were  separated into individual components by preparative HPLC and GC methods. Some  of the isolated substances (allicin, diallyldisulfide, diallyltrisulfide) along  with two synthetic analogs were tested as potential biocides using the following  models: Candida utilis, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aurantiaca, and Escherichia  coli. Some of tested substances revealed high efficacy as biocides, in  particular, against gram-negative cultures. The obtained results give evidence  of good perspectives of sulfur-containing gar1ic components and their synthetic  analogs as potential antimicrobial agents.

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2010, №1

сс. 101-103

Brief communications

V.N. Baskov, S.V. Polikarpov, M.A. Vasyakin, A.A. Zakharov, Yu.A. Mazalov, A.V. Merenov, V.A. Morozov, V.V. Strelkov.

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2010, №2

сс. 4-20

Articles

Key words: supercritical water, organic pollutants, global phase behavior, octanol — water partition coefficient

Methods of computation and ranking of possible heterogeneous fluid equilibria in the systems «water — organic pollutant» are discussed in terms of modern notions about global phase diagrams of binary systems. The main classes of environmentally significant chemicals (such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, furans, and selected pesticides) are studied. The binary interaction parameters k12 for the one-fluid model of mixture were determined based on their revealed correlation with octanol — water partition coefficients KOW. Analytical expressions for the prediction of azeotropy in binary mixtures are suggested and the possibility of azeotropic behavior in aqueous solutions of several organic compounds is evaluated. The results of simulations of phase equilibria and critical curves for some mixtures of supercritical water with organic pollutants based directly on their molecular structure are presented.

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2010, №2

сс. 21-27

Articles

Synthesis of Glycyrrhetinic Acid via Hydrolysis of Licorice Root Extract in Subcritical Water Medium

K.S. Tikhomirova, A.V. Lekar, S.N. Borisenko, E.V. Vetrova, N.I. Borisenko, V.I. Minkin.

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Key words: subcritical water, triterpene glycosides, glycyrrhetinic acid (the aglycon of glycyrrhizic acid), licorice root, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), 13С NMR spectroscopy

A  method for glycyrrhetinic acid (the aglycon of glycyrrhizic acid) synthesis via  a sub-critical water hydrolysis of licorice root extract is developed. Its high  efficiency in the comparison with a conventional hydrolysis is demonstrated.  The high-performance liquid chromatography is used to prove the presence of  glycyrrhetinic acid and to determine its concentration in the product. Using  the 13С NMR spectroscopy it is proved that glycyrrhetinic acid obtained in  the sub-critical water medium has a β-configuration in theС18 carbon atom environment.

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2010, №2

сс. 28-44

Articles

Key words: supercritical fluids, supercritical phenomena in ternary systems, stable and metastable regions of immiscibility

Some  features of phase equilibria in ternary systems with one volatile component and  with a region of homogeneous supercritical fluid (SCF) in one of binary  sub-systems (with two critical end-points p and Q) are analyzed. It is demonstrated that  heterogenization of SCF that is spreading into a ternary system from the  boundary binary sub-system of 2d' type  starts from monovariant critical phenomena in saturated solutions (liquid1  = liquid2 - solid) or (gas = liquid - solid), which pass through  extremal parameters (temperature, composition) and form such special critical  equilibria as double critical end-point (liquid1 = liquid2  - solid, gas = liquid - solid, liquid1 = liquid2 - gas)  or double homogeneous points (liquid1 = liquid2 - solid о gas = liquid - solid). Ternary  nonvariant points (liquid1 = liquid2 = gas, liquid1  = liquid2 - gas - solid and liquid1 = gas - liquid2  - solid) appear at the cross-sections of monovariant critical and non-critical  curves.

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2010, №2

сс. 44-55

Articles

Key words: supercritical fluid extraction, oil formation, mechanochemical transformation, organic matter, petroleum hydrocarbons

The experiment on the supercritical (SC) CO2  extraction of organic matter from rocks and soils showed that the SC fluid can  dissolve, transfer and accumulate petroleum­like hydrocarbons, including relict  ones. Based on the obtained results, it was hypothesized
that  during the SC extraction the dissolution of organic substances is accompanied  by their mechanochemical transformation in micropores and microcracks of solid  matter. The resulting changes in composition, structure and distribution of  individual hydrocarbons are similar to those, supposedly, taking place in  petroleum-mother rocks. Thus, one can assume the possibility of rapid  mechanochemical transformation of dispersed organic matter of sedimentary rocks  in a flow of plutonic SC fluid, which, in turn, would allow one to re-consider  the time scale of oil accumulation from millions to, possibly, hundreds of  years.

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2010, №2

сс. 55-69

Articles

Modification of Optical Properties of Fluoropolymers by Supercritical Fluid Impregnation with β-diketonates of Europium

V.I. Gerasimova, Yu.S. Zavorotny, A.O. Rybaltovskii, A.A. Antoshkov, V.I. Sokolov, E.V. Troitskaya, V.N. Bagratashvili.

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Key words: supercritical carbon dioxide, europium β-diketonates, fluoropolymer, photoluminescence, temperature quenching

Optical  properties of the fluoracrilate based fluoropolymers doped with Eu(fod)3,  Eu(fod)3phen and Eu(tta)3 by supercritical fluid  impregnation are studied. Effects of polymer matrix type on the efficiency  supercritical fluid impregnation and optical properties of impregnated polymers  are revealed. A comparative analysis of the quantum yield (&lambdaexc = 300 and 380 nm) and thermosensitivity of Eu3+  ions photoluminescence depending on the type of ligand and the chemical structure  of polymers is performed. The effect of supercritical fluid extraction of  photoinitiator residuals from doped fluoropolymer on their optical bleaching at  wavelengths below 300 nm is established.

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2010, №2

сс. 70-79

Articles

Key words: supercritical carbon dioxide, methylmetacrylate, styrol, co-polymers, polymer nanocomposites

We  report about thin polymer particles synthesis based on radical  co-polymerization of methylmetacrylate and styrol in supercritical СO2  medium. We utilize supercritical СO2 soluble polydimethylsiloxan  metacrylate as a dispersion agent, which allow us to produce almost monosize  particles. Co-polymer spherical powder, with typical sizes about 1 micron and  molecular weight Mw  ~ 36000 has higher  thermostability compare to similar Mw polymethylmetacrylate.  We have shown the possibility of mechanical and hydrophobic co-polymer  properties controlled changes with varying of monomer charge ratio.

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2010, №2

сс. 79-90

Articles

Immobilization of Luminescent Nanosilicon in the Microfine Polytetrafluoroethylene Matrix by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

V.N. Bagratashvili, S.G. Dorofeev, A.A. Ischenko, V.V. Koltashev, N.N. Kononov, A.A. Krutikova, A.O. Rybaltovskii, G.V. Fetisov.

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Key words: polymer nanocomposite, supercritical fluid impregnation, nanocrystalline silicon, photoluminescence

With  the use of supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-СO2) a process of matrix  immobilization of photoluminescent silicon nanocrystals (nc-Si) in  polytetrafluoroethylene microparticles (mp-PTFE) is implemented, which leads to  the formation of photoluminescent nanocomposite mp-PTFE/nc-Si containing ~103 ÷104 of nc-Si in one PTFE particle (1—2 microns in size). This  process is based on the effect of polymer swelling in SC-СO2,  efficient transport of nanoparticles into internal free volume of polymer with  SC-СO2, and shrinkage of nanocomposite after the release of СO2   thus preventing their subsequent agglutination. Particles of nc-Si  photoluminescent in the visible spectrum range were synthesized from silicon  suboxide powder (SiOx, x ~ 1)  heated at temperatures from 25 °C to 950 °C and next etched in concentrated  hydrofluoric acid. The hydrosilylation procedure was used to attach  1-octadecene molecules to the surface of nc-Si. As a result, the  photoluminescence intensity of nc-Si increased substantially. According to TEM  images and small angle X-ray diffraction results, the maximum size of nc-Si  particles did not exceed 5 nm and 7 nm respectively, and the core of these  nanoparticles consisted of crystalline silicon. The structure and spectral  properties of the initial nc-Si particles and synthesized photoluminescent  nanocomposite mp-PTFE/nc-Si microparticles were studied.

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2010, №2

сс. 91-95

Information

2010, №3

сс. 4-14

Articles

Key words: sapropel, extraction, liquid and supercritical carbon dioxide, aminoacids, vitamins, biologically active substances

The possibility of utilization of extraction with liquid and supercritical carbon dioxide for the isolation of biologically active substances from sapropels is demonstrated. The chemical composition of extracts is determined using a high performance liquid chromatography. The yield of total extract and efficiency of isolation of different components are varied with experimental conditions (temperature, pressure, extraction time).

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